Jamaican Slang For Friend Or Bro A Deep Dive

With Jamaican Slang For Good friend Or Bro on the forefront, this exploration delves into the colourful world of Caribbean vernacular. Past the catchy phrases lies a wealthy tapestry of cultural nuances, historic context, and evolving meanings. From intimate friendships to skilled settings, these phrases paint a vivid image of Jamaican society and provide a glimpse into the center of the group.

This complete information will unravel the complexities of those expressions, highlighting the refined shifts in utilization throughout generations and areas.

This deep dive into Jamaican slang, particularly the phrases used for “buddy” or “bro,” examines the linguistic nuances, social implications, and the evolving meanings of those phrases. Understanding these phrases goes past easy translation; it unlocks a deeper understanding of Jamaican tradition and the way in which Jamaicans join with one another. We’ll discover how these expressions replicate the values, customs, and beliefs of this vibrant group.

Defining Jamaican Slang Phrases for Good friend/Bro

Understanding Jamaican slang gives an interesting glimpse into the colourful tradition and close-knit communities of Jamaica. The wealthy tapestry of language used to explain friendship and camaraderie reveals a lot concerning the social dynamics and historic context inside which these phrases advanced. This exploration delves into the various vocabulary used for “buddy” or “bro” in Jamaica, analyzing their nuances and utilization in numerous social settings.Jamaican slang, typically characterised by its rhythmic cadence and evocative imagery, gives a singular lens by way of which to view the nation’s wealthy social material.

Understanding Jamaican slang for “buddy” or “bro” gives perception into Caribbean tradition. Past the widespread phrases, it is fascinating to see how the native lingo evolves, significantly when in comparison with different cultural expressions. This dynamic evolves, just like the evolving relationship of Violet Myers and her boyfriend, which is commonly within the highlight, Violet Myers Boyfriend.

Finally, the variety of those phrases highlights the wealthy tapestry of Jamaican language and social connections.

This linguistic range displays the advanced interaction of cultural influences and historic experiences which have formed Jamaican society. Exploring these phrases illuminates the distinctive methods by which Jamaicans categorical kinship and camaraderie.

Frequent Jamaican Slang Phrases for Good friend/Bro

Jamaican slang gives a wealthy array of phrases for “buddy” or “bro,” every carrying its personal distinctive connotations. These phrases typically replicate shared experiences, cultural values, and private relationships. Understanding the refined variations between these phrases is essential to comprehending the social context by which they’re used.

Understanding Jamaican slang for “buddy” or “bro” is vital to navigating native tradition. This often-used phrasing is essential for constructing rapport, and it is fascinating to see how this displays within the broader Caribbean lexicon. For example, a profitable athlete like Ashley Alban Tyatt , representing the island’s athletic spirit, possible makes use of such phrases in informal dialog, additional enriching the language’s nuances.

This highlights the various linguistic tapestry of Jamaican tradition and its connection to on a regular basis communication.

  • Bruk/Brok: This time period is a typical and broadly used expression for a buddy or shut companion. It typically implies a powerful bond and shared experiences. “Bruk” is commonly used informally amongst mates, highlighting an in depth and informal relationship.
  • Gyal/Man: These phrases, whereas not strictly synonymous with “buddy,” are continuously utilized in informal conversations to check with somebody thought-about a buddy. “Gyal” refers to a feminine buddy, and “man” refers to a male buddy.
  • Frenz/Frenz: This time period is a colloquial contraction of “mates,” indicating an in depth group of mates. It’s typically utilized in a gaggle setting, highlighting a shared id and camaraderie.
  • Bwoy/Woman: These phrases are generally utilized in Jamaican society, typically referring to an in depth buddy or somebody thought-about a brother or sister. The phrases can denote a level of respect and familiarity throughout the social group.
  • Associate: Whereas generally used basically English contexts, “accomplice” can be utilized in Jamaican slang to check with an in depth buddy or somebody with a powerful bond.
  • Man/Girl: Much like “man/gyal,” these phrases can check with a buddy, particularly when utilized in informal dialog.

Nuances and Delicate Variations in Which means

The selection of slang time period for “buddy” or “bro” in Jamaica typically relies on the connection’s intimacy and the context of the interplay. Casual settings would possibly use extra informal phrases, whereas formal or extra distant relationships would possibly favor extra formal expressions. Understanding these nuances helps to understand the complexity of Jamaican social interactions.

Examples of Utilization in Completely different Social Contexts

The utilization of those phrases varies considerably throughout totally different social contexts. Amongst shut mates, informal and casual language is prevalent, utilizing phrases like “bruk” or “bwoy.” In household settings, phrases like “man” or “lady” may be employed. Whereas skilled settings typically lean towards extra formal language, some informal expressions would possibly nonetheless be used amongst colleagues who’ve developed shut bonds.

Historic Context and Origin

The exact origins of those slang phrases are sometimes advanced and multifaceted. Many have advanced over time, adapting to the altering social and cultural landscapes of Jamaica. Additional analysis into the historic improvement of Jamaican language would offer deeper insights into the evolution of those phrases.

Detailed Desk of Jamaican Slang Phrases

Time period Which means Utilization Instance Context
Bruk Good friend, shut companion “Mi bruk fi di occasion tonight.” Informal dialog amongst mates
Gyal Feminine buddy “Mi seh di gyal a di greatest.” Casual dialog
Frenz Associates (plural) “We a frenz since childhood.” Informal dialog, group setting
Bwoy Male buddy “Mi bwoy seh him waan go fi lunch.” Casual dialog, informal setting
Associate Shut buddy, somebody with a powerful bond “Mi accomplice all the time help mi.” Informal to barely extra formal setting
Man/Girl Good friend “Mi man seh him waan go see di film.” Informal dialog
See also  Cutie NN Model Unveiling the Potential

Evaluating Utilization Throughout Completely different Generations

Jamaican Slang For Friend Or Bro A Deep Dive

Jamaican slang, a vibrant tapestry woven from cultural threads, displays the evolving social panorama of the island nation. Understanding how these phrases are used throughout totally different generations gives perception into linguistic shifts, cultural shifts, and the ever-changing nature of Jamaican society. This exploration delves into the evolution of Jamaican slang for “buddy” or “bro,” analyzing utilization patterns throughout generations and figuring out the potential components influencing these shifts.The evolving language displays the altering social dynamics and values inside Jamaican society.

The meanings and connotations of those phrases can shift as social norms and cultural preferences evolve over time. By analyzing the utilization throughout generations, a extra complete image of Jamaican tradition and its linguistic evolution emerges.

Generational Variations in Utilization

Completely different generations typically make the most of distinct slang phrases to precise related ideas. That is significantly evident in Jamaican slang, the place generational shifts can affect the selection of phrases and the nuances of their meanings. Understanding these variations is essential to appreciating the richness and depth of Jamaican linguistic traditions.

  • Older Generations: Older generations typically use extra conventional slang phrases, rooted in historic context. These phrases could have barely totally different connotations or meanings in comparison with the utilization in additional modern generations. For example, “pardner” would possibly maintain a extra formal or respectful tone in older Jamaican communities. The selection of phrases typically reveals a deeper understanding of the generational context.

    An important issue is that older generations may be extra inclined to take care of the unique meanings of the slang, emphasizing their conventional utilization and avoiding a dilution of that means.

  • Youthful Generations: Youthful Jamaicans, influenced by globalization and trendy media, typically incorporate new slang phrases or modify current ones to replicate their distinctive experiences. This would possibly contain the variation of phrases to precise trendy concepts and ideas. For instance, phrases may be modified to emphasise casualness or informality. This adaptation can result in shifts in that means or the emergence of recent meanings.

    The affect of social media and digital communication platforms on their vocabulary can be vital, contributing to a extra fluid and dynamic linguistic panorama.

Evolution of Which means

Jamaican slang phrases, particularly these associated to friendship, should not static. Their meanings can evolve over time, adapting to societal modifications and rising cultural developments. This dynamic evolution is a major facet of the language’s richness and its capacity to replicate the complexities of Jamaican life.

  • Historic Context: Inspecting the historic context surrounding the emergence of a selected time period can provide perception into its preliminary that means and its meant use inside a particular time-frame. For instance, if a time period was related to a particular social motion or historic occasion, its that means might need advanced because the societal context modified.
  • Fashionable Interpretations: The fashionable interpretations of those phrases can differ considerably from their historic counterparts. Social shifts and the inflow of recent influences typically result in new meanings and connotations, shaping the way in which youthful generations make the most of these expressions. This evolution of that means underscores the dynamic nature of language and its capacity to adapt to altering circumstances.

Comparative Desk of Utilization

The desk beneath illustrates potential generational variations within the utilization of Jamaican slang phrases for “buddy” or “bro.” It is vital to do not forget that this can be a generalization and particular person utilization could differ considerably.

Slang Time period Older Era Youthful Era Potential Shifts in Which means
“Bruk” A detailed buddy or companion A detailed buddy, but additionally probably utilized in a extra casual, even playful context. The time period retains its core that means however is probably utilized in extra informal interactions, indicating a slight shift in formality.
“Gyal” A feminine buddy Can be utilized extra broadly, maybe together with feminine mates and typically as a time period of endearment. Potential shift from a extra particular designation to a extra basic time period of endearment, relying on context.
“Mandem” A bunch of mates Can check with a gaggle of mates, but additionally to a broader social circle or community. Potential growth of that means to embody a wider social group, reflecting evolving social constructions.

Exploring the Social and Cultural Context

Jamaican slang, significantly phrases for “buddy” or “bro,” carries deep social and cultural weight. Understanding this context is essential to appreciating the nuances of those phrases and avoiding misinterpretations. These phrases aren’t merely informal expressions; they replicate a fancy tapestry of shared historical past, values, and group bonds.The usage of these slang phrases fosters a way of belonging and camaraderie throughout the Jamaican group.

They spotlight the significance of sturdy social networks and mutual help, a significant facet of Jamaican tradition. The shared language and understanding of those phrases create a singular type of social glue, strengthening relationships and communication. Past mere linguistic distinctions, these phrases typically carry layers of that means and implied understanding.

Social Bonding and Communication

Jamaican slang phrases for “buddy” or “bro” typically transcend easy greetings. They replicate a deep stage of belief and familiarity, and they’re continuously utilized in a means that demonstrates a powerful sense of camaraderie and mutual respect. These phrases should not merely labels; they signify a shared understanding of social dynamics and expectations throughout the Jamaican group.

Reflecting Jamaican Values

The phrases used to deal with mates and brothers typically replicate key Jamaican values, together with loyalty, respect, and mutual help. These phrases are continuously utilized in conditions the place these values are emphasised, demonstrating a powerful sense of group and interdependence.

Potential for Misinterpretation

Utilizing these slang phrases exterior of the Jamaican group carries the potential for misinterpretation or misunderstanding. The particular connotations and nuances of those phrases is probably not readily obvious to these unfamiliar with Jamaican tradition. This will result in unintentional offense or a breakdown in communication. For example, a time period that signifies deep respect throughout the Jamaican group may be misinterpreted as informal and even disrespectful in a distinct cultural context.

Cultural Nuances and Generational Variations

The particular that means and utility of those phrases can differ based mostly on the speaker’s era and particular social context. Youthful generations would possibly use sure phrases with a distinct emphasis than older generations, reflecting evolving social norms and developments. Understanding these generational variations is significant for correct interpretation and efficient communication. This generational shift in slang use is a dynamic reflection of broader cultural and social modifications inside Jamaican society.

Illustrating the Evolution of Which means

Jamaican slang, a vibrant tapestry woven from cultural experiences, displays a dynamic linguistic panorama. Understanding how these phrases evolve gives precious perception into societal shifts, generational variations, and the ever-changing nature of communication. The evolution of slang is not merely about new phrases; it is a reflection of how communities adapt and redefine their language to swimsuit their wants.Slang evolves by way of numerous mechanisms, together with generational shifts, evolving social norms, and the fast dissemination of knowledge by way of trendy communication channels.

The interaction of those components shapes the that means and utilization of phrases, typically subtly altering nuances and even main to finish semantic shifts. Take into account how a time period initially used playfully would possibly purchase a extra critical and even unfavourable connotation over time. This understanding is essential for efficient communication throughout totally different generations and cultural contexts.

Semantic Shift in Jamaican Slang

The meanings of Jamaican slang phrases typically change as a consequence of shifting cultural norms. For example, phrases associated to social standing or financial standing can purchase new connotations as society progresses. That is evident in how using phrases displays societal shifts and their affect on the language.

Understanding Jamaican slang for “buddy” or “bro” is vital to navigating the native tradition. Nonetheless, discovering dependable evaluations for merchandise you are contemplating, like these on Haul Reviews.Com , may also be a significant a part of knowledgeable decision-making. Finally, understanding the native lingo, and the worth of excellent product evaluations, helps construct sturdy connections and confidence in purchases.

Examples of Evolving Meanings

  • “Rudebwoy”: Initially signifying a disrespectful or unruly younger man, “impolite bwoy” has broadened its scope. Now, it could actually typically check with somebody with a particular type, particularly in music or trend. The unique unfavourable connotation would possibly nonetheless linger in sure contexts, whereas a extra impartial and even constructive connotation has emerged, particularly in youth tradition. The evolution highlights how social notion of youth and individualism can have an effect on slang utilization.

  • “Badman”: Traditionally related to a legal factor, the time period “badman” now encompasses a wider vary of interpretations. It could possibly check with somebody who’s assertive, trendy, or just thought-about a ‘unhealthy boy’. The change mirrors the evolving social panorama, the place the unique unfavourable connotation could coexist with a extra modern, multifaceted understanding of the time period. The that means is now context-dependent, influenced by the speaker’s age, social group, and the general setting.

  • “Pon di highway”: Initially referring to being out and about, “pon di highway” has expanded to embody a wider vary of conditions. It could possibly now check with being in a particular social or financial place, and even as a extra basic approach to categorical being energetic locally. The broader utilization demonstrates the growing versatility of the time period and its adaptability to evolving social contexts.

Function of Social Media in Shaping Slang

Social media platforms, corresponding to Instagram, TikTok, and Twitter, play a major function in disseminating and popularizing slang phrases. Tendencies quickly unfold, resulting in the fast adoption and modification of phrases. This fast dissemination can result in the fast adoption and modification of slang. The affect of social media in shaping these developments can’t be underestimated.

Evolution Desk

Time period Authentic Which means Present Utilization Contextual Shift
Rudebwoy Disrespectful, unruly younger man Somebody with a particular type, particularly in music or trend Shift from unfavourable to probably constructive, influenced by youth tradition
Badman Legal factor, somebody with a unfavourable repute Assertive, trendy, or just thought-about a ‘unhealthy boy’ Broadening of that means to incorporate constructive attributes
Pon di highway Being out and about Being in a particular social or financial place; energetic locally Increasing to embody broader social contexts

Illustrative Examples of Utilization

Jamaican Slang For Friend Or Bro

Jamaican slang, wealthy with cultural nuances and historic context, gives a vibrant tapestry of expression. Understanding its various utilization reveals the evolution of that means and the affect of various social contexts on language. The next examples showcase how these phrases paint vivid photos in dialog and reveal a large spectrum of feelings.The selection of time period can dramatically shift the tone and intent of a message.

A seemingly informal phrase can carry deep layers of respect, affection, and even refined criticism, relying on the context and relationship between the audio system. This nuanced use is vital to understanding the dynamic interaction between language and tradition.

Examples in Conversations

Jamaican slang, in its versatility, permits for a variety of expressions, from informal banter to heartfelt expressions. Understanding the precise connotations of every time period is significant to precisely interpret the meant message.

“Hey, man, you an actual one. We’d like you for this gig.”

This instance showcases an informal, pleasant tone and expresses admiration and belief. “Actual one” implies authenticity and reliability.

“Mi seh, dawg, you actually strive onerous, however dem a trick you.”

Right here, “dawg” shows a extra intimate relationship, whereas “dem a trick you” conveys a crucial, although not hostile, message about being deceived. The usage of “seh” provides a particular Jamaican taste.

Examples in Songs and Literature

Jamaican music, a strong drive in international tradition, typically makes use of these phrases to encapsulate emotion and id. Literature, too, captures the colourful hues of Jamaican speech.

Understanding Jamaican slang for “buddy” or “bro” is vital to connecting with the native tradition. This fascinating language reveals a deep connection between folks, typically reflecting a playful, respectful tone. Try the spectacular athleticism on show within the Bailey Brewer Tow Ball Video to see a distinct aspect of the colourful Jamaican spirit, demonstrating an identical sense of camaraderie.

Finally, exploring Jamaican slang gives a window right into a wealthy cultural tapestry.

  • Reggae songs continuously make use of slang phrases to evoke a way of group and shared expertise. The usage of “brother” or “sister” as a time period of endearment in these songs demonstrates the close-knit nature of Jamaican tradition.
  • Up to date Jamaican artists use the phrases of their music to precise a variety of feelings and experiences. This use demonstrates how the phrases have tailored to modern issues and views. Take into account the totally different tones conveyed by way of the lyrics. For example, “gwaan” would possibly categorical informal acknowledgement, whereas “an entire heap a” might emphasize the enormity of a process or drawback.

Examples Throughout Dialects and Accents

The various dialects and accents inside Jamaica additional enrich the nuances of those phrases. Variations in pronunciation and emphasis can alter the refined meanings.

Time period Dialect/Accent 1 Dialect/Accent 2 Which means
“Gwaan” [Pronounced with a more pronounced “g” sound] [Pronounced with a more subtle “g”] Expressing acknowledgement or asking how somebody is doing.
“Badman” [More aggressive tone] [More playful tone] A time period for a powerful, probably harmful particular person.

The refined variations in pronunciation can dramatically shift the tone of the dialog. These variations are essential for understanding the speaker’s intent and relationship with the listener.

Affect of Time period Alternative

The particular time period chosen can drastically alter the general message. The extent of ritual, the emotional context, and the speaker-listener relationship all contribute to the importance of the chosen phrase.

Analyzing the Affect of Linguistic Variation: Jamaican Slang For Good friend Or Bro

Jamaican patois, wealthy with slang, demonstrates a dynamic relationship with the nation’s various communities. This linguistic variation is not only a quirk; it displays the social material and cultural nuances of various areas and generations. Understanding how these variations form the that means of phrases like “buddy” or “bro” gives essential insights into the advanced tapestry of Jamaican society.This linguistic range, typically intertwined with geographical boundaries and social groupings, showcases the evolution and adaptation of language to particular contexts.

The very phrases used to explain shut relationships replicate the nuances of native dialects, highlighting how language mirrors the multifaceted realities of the Jamaican expertise.

Regional Variations in Slang, Jamaican Slang For Good friend Or Bro

Jamaican communities, like these in Kingston, Montego Bay, and rural parishes, develop distinctive vocabularies. These phrases, typically rooted in historic occasions, native customs, and even the sounds of the surroundings, present a strong perception into the precise identities and experiences of those teams. Understanding these regional variations is essential for correct communication and cultural appreciation.

  • In Kingston, phrases like “gwaan” (what’s up) and “dungle” (a pleasant, casual assembly place) are widespread. This highlights the town’s vibrant and fast-paced surroundings. The slang displays the density of the group and its dynamic interactions.
  • Montego Bay, a preferred vacationer vacation spot, would possibly use totally different slang, incorporating phrases that replicate the tourism business and its affect on the native tradition. This might embody slang that displays the interaction between the locals and vacationers.
  • Rural communities could have extra colloquial phrases that replicate their conventional lifestyle. These phrases might embody agricultural practices, historic references, or particular native customs.

Social Group Influences

Past regional variations, social teams additionally contribute to the linguistic panorama of Jamaica. Youth tradition, as an illustration, typically adopts and adapts slang phrases, reflecting their very own distinctive values, aspirations, and social dynamics. These diversifications can result in the evolution of current phrases or the creation of completely new phrases.

  • Youth subcultures in Jamaica typically create distinctive slang that is tough for older generations to totally perceive. This generational hole can create misunderstandings but additionally fosters creativity and linguistic innovation throughout the youth demographic.
  • Inside the similar era, totally different social circles can use totally different slang. This linguistic divergence underscores the significance of context in understanding the meant that means behind Jamaican slang.

Categorizing Slang Phrases by Area and Neighborhood

The desk beneath gives a simplified overview of how totally different slang phrases may be utilized in particular areas or social teams. It is essential to do not forget that this can be a simplified illustration, and using these phrases can differ considerably relying on context and particular person utilization.

Area/Neighborhood Slang Time period for “Good friend” Slang Time period for “Bro” Illustrative Instance
Kingston “Dutty” “Bwoy” “Yo dutty, gwaan?”
Montego Bay “Gyal” (feminine buddy), “Man” (male buddy) “Bwoy” “Hey man, the place you been?”
Rural Parish “Brother/Sister” “Bwoy” “The way you doin’, brother?”
Youth Subculture “Twin” “Cah-man” “We twin, all the time collectively”

Describing the Use of These Phrases in Common Tradition

Jamaican slang for “buddy” or “bro” is not simply part of on a regular basis speech; it is deeply embedded within the nation’s cultural id, mirrored in its music, movie, and tv. These representations form perceptions of Jamaican tradition, typically highlighting particular social dynamics and generational variations. Understanding how these phrases are utilized in fashionable tradition gives essential insights into the evolution of that means and the affect of linguistic variation throughout the Jamaican group.The usage of Jamaican slang in fashionable tradition can considerably affect how audiences understand the nation and its folks.

These portrayals typically spotlight particular features of Jamaican tradition, making a nuanced understanding of social interactions, generational gaps, and the dynamic nature of language. The way in which these phrases are utilized in totally different contexts, from music movies to dramatic portrayals, reveals the evolving cultural panorama and the distinctive linguistic expression of the Jamaican group.

Examples in Music

Jamaican music, significantly reggae, dancehall, and hip-hop, closely makes use of these phrases. Their use typically displays the characters’ personalities and the social settings depicted.

  • Many reggae songs characteristic lyrics utilizing phrases like “duppy,” “gwaan,” and “fi,” typically inside a particular context, like a celebration or a narrative concerning the hardships of every day life. This use establishes a transparent understanding of the track’s environment, and the message behind the lyrics.
  • Dancehall artists continuously make use of these slang phrases of their lyrics, reflecting the colourful and sometimes fast-paced social dynamics of city Jamaican life. The usage of these phrases provides a layer of authenticity and relatability to the music, connecting with the target market.
  • Up to date Jamaican hip-hop artists additionally make the most of these phrases, however typically in a extra trendy context. The usage of these expressions is commonly intertwined with the music’s total theme and message, providing perception into the artist’s perspective and the social local weather they signify.

Examples in Movie and Tv

Movie and tv typically showcase Jamaican tradition, providing insights into using these phrases inside particular contexts.

  • Films and TV exhibits depicting Jamaican communities present examples of how these phrases are utilized in on a regular basis conversations. These depictions typically present the distinctive methods by which language displays characters’ relationships, standing, and backgrounds. For example, a personality addressing a buddy as “gwaan” would possibly carry a distinct weight than a personality utilizing a extra formal time period.
  • The utilization of those phrases in these media types can contribute to shaping broader perceptions of Jamaican tradition. For instance, if a personality constantly makes use of casual slang in a constructive and pleasant method, the viewers would possibly develop a constructive affiliation with that type of language. Conversely, if the identical slang is utilized in a unfavourable or confrontational context, the notion would possibly shift.

  • These media portrayals are sometimes intertwined with different cultural components like music, trend, and customs. This mixed illustration paints a extra complete image of Jamaican life and the importance of those phrases inside it. For example, a selected time period utilized in a particular setting, alongside a selected trend type, can create a extra detailed impression of the tradition being introduced.

Affect on Perceptions

The usage of these phrases in fashionable tradition shapes perceptions of Jamaican tradition.

  • The portrayal of those phrases in fashionable tradition, particularly music, can form perceptions of Jamaican tradition, creating each constructive and unfavourable stereotypes. For instance, a selected slang time period utilized in a constructive context would possibly result in a constructive affiliation with the tradition, but when used negatively, the alternative would possibly occur.
  • The way in which characters use these phrases can replicate their backgrounds, personalities, and relationships. This nuanced portrayal can problem or reinforce current stereotypes.
  • The usage of these phrases typically aligns with the precise character’s portrayal and the general theme of the film or present. This alignment provides authenticity and depth to the illustration.

Final Level

In conclusion, Jamaican Slang For Good friend Or Bro reveals a dynamic linguistic panorama, showcasing the intricate interaction of language, tradition, and group. These phrases, removed from being mere informal expressions, function a window into the center of Jamaican society. By understanding their historic context, social utilization, and evolving meanings, we acquire a deeper appreciation for the richness and variety of Jamaican tradition.

The exploration of linguistic variation throughout areas and generations additional illuminates the complexity of this vibrant group. Finally, this evaluation highlights the ability of language to replicate, form, and maintain cultural id.

See also  Young Dog Coughing and Gagging Causes & Solutions

Leave a Comment